December 15, 2008 – Philippine Tambayan

Pinya / pineapple production

Pinya (Ananas comosus)

The world consumption of canned and fresh pineapple has been increasing steadily. A strong research effort is necessary to maintain the lead role in production.

Description
The pineapple is a perennial herb that rows from 50-150cm tall. The leaf is sword-shaped, 1 m or longer, 5-8 cm wide, fleshy, fibrous, grooved on the upper surface, and arranged around the main axis at the base. The flower is reddish-purple. The fruit is round, about 20 cm long and 14 cm in diameter, weighing 1-2.5 kg. Its flesh is pale to golden yellow, and usually seedless.

Variety
Several varieties of pineapple exist. The most popularly grown are ‘Cayenne’, ‘Red Spanish’, and Queen.

Cayenne , the leaf measures 100 cm x 6.5 cm, with reddish mottling above and silver grey on the lower portion. The margin has spines only at the base and at the top. The fruit is round weighing about 2.5 kg. Its flesh is pale yellow to yellow.

Queen, this variety is mainly grown for the fresh fruit trade, All parts are smaller than the Cayenne group. The leaf is spiny. The fruit weight from 0.9-1.3 kg. The flesh is deep golden yellow.

Red Spanish, the leaf is long and spiny. It contains strong fibers which are used for making cloth. The fruit weighs from 0.9-1.8 kg. The flesh is pale yellow.

Uses
Pineapple / pinya is usually eaten fresh. The fruit may also be canned as slices, spirals, chunks, spears , tidbits, and cubes. In Thailand, it is being canned with other fruits like rambutan.

After peeling , the flesh adhering to the shell may be made into pineapple /pinya crush or juice. The core and other pieces of flesh may also be crushed to turn into juice.
The fruits may also be made into jam and crystallized or candied. The by-products o canning may be used as cattle feed or to produce pineapple / pinya wine or vinegar.

Organice acids such as cirtic, malic, and ascorbic may be obtained from the fruit and the plant. Fiber form the leaves may be woven into a fine pina cloth. Pineapple / pinya , meat tenderizer may be obtained from the stem and fruit.

Soil and Climatic requirements
Grow pineapple in areas with temperatures between 23-32 degrees Celsius. It does not tolerate frost and the fruit is sensititve to sunburn. It requires an annual rainfall of 1000-1500 mm. Grow palnts on well-drained and sandy loam soil with high oranic content and pH of 4.5 – 6.5. Fruits for canning must be grown at an elevation of 1800 m. At higher elevations, fruits become too acidic.

Cultural Management
Propagation. Use slips (shoots rowing on the stem below the fruit) to propagate the fruit. Crowns and suckers may also be used as propagation materials.
Planting. Plant in double rows with a sufficiently wide path between the double rows to allow for field operations.

Example: smooth cayenne
In smallholdings: use space of (100+50) cm x 30 cm or 4.4 plants per m square.
In estates: Use space of (85+50) cm x 25 cm or six plants per m square.
Plants by hand along planting lines marked with the planting positions. Use a planting sticl to make a hole. Place the shoot in the hole. Firm the soil around the shoot wit the feet.

Irrigation. Provide a steady moisture supply to the shallow root zone. Growth stagnates when moisture is lacking and excessive wetness invites foot rot.

Fertilization. Apply nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium fertilizers. Nitrogen is important to achieve vigorous plant growth but not when flower induction is required because vigorous growth reduce flowering response. Phosphorous is needed for the first few months of growth while potassium is needed for fruit development. Remove weeds before applying fertilizer.

Flower induction. Induce flowering using calcium carbide or etephon. Dissolve 2 kg carbide in a kerosene can of water. Pour 30 ml of the solution to the growing point of 12 months old plants. Mix 1 ml of ethephon per liter of water. Pour to the growing point of the plant anytime of the day.

Pests and diseases. Control diseases through proper sanitation. The common disease of pineapple / pinya are heart rot (Philippines, fruit collapse (Malaysia) and marbling (Thailand). Other disease of pineapple are leathery pocket, fruitlet core rot, interfruitlet corking, soft rot and yeasty rot.
The mealy bug is the most serious insect pest. Severely infested plants become stunted and produce small fruits. Leaves become yellowish-red to bring red at the lef tips. Leaves show signs of wilting. Control ants to control mealy bugs. Spray or dipthe planting material in diazinon or malathion to control the wilt.

Harvesting
For canning, harvest fruits when they are one-sixth ripe for smooth cayenne. The fraction refers to the part of the fruit that changes color.
For fresh fruits, harvest when they are half-ripe. Pick the fruit by hand, leaving the crown and a portion of the peduncle intact. The bulk fo the fruit is picked in the firs round, a second and a third harvest at weekly intervals may be needed to bring in the remaining fruits.

Source: PROSEA leaflet no. 4
PCARRD
DA
UPLVB

Wampee

Wampee (Clausena lansium)

Wampee is native to Southern China and Vietnam. It is an introduced crop in the Philippines and other South-East Asian countries. Breeding programs focus on the crop’s potential fro canning and pharmaceutical purposes.

Description
The ornamental-looking tree reaches 12 m in height with a trunk diameter of 40 cm. Branches are usually low. The tree does not shed off leaves during the year. The leaves are glossy dark green and spirally arranged. The fragrant flowers are white to yellow green and occur in clusters. The somewhat round fruits measure 2.5 cm wide and are produced in clusters. Fruits are thin-skinned and brownish-yellow, often one to two seeded but sometimes contain up to six small seeds. The fruit has jelly-like pulp which is sometimes sweet or sour.

Variety
There are eight cultivars grown in China. Two outstanding cultivars are ‘Chi-Hsin’ and ‘Yuan Chung’. In Florida, productive and sweet-fruited selections have been made.

Uses
The ripe fruit is eaten fresh or made into pies and jellies. The sour, green fruits is also processed into jelly.

The juice can be fermented with sugar and processed into wine.
As a folk medicine, the ripe fruit has a cooling effect on the stomach and is used to eliminate worms in humans. The dried green fruit and sliced roots are used as herbal medicine to remedy bronchitis. The concentrate derived from boiling the leaves in water is used to wash the hair to treat dandruff and minimize graying of hair.

Soil and Climatic requirements
The wampee requires a subtropical to tropical climate. It can survive short cold weather at -2 degrees Celsius but succumbs at -6 degrees Celsius. It thrives well in rich loam and well-drained soils.

Cultural Management
Propagation. The tree can be propagated through seeds, cuttings, marcotting, ang grafting.

Pruning. Prune occasionally to avoid overcrowding of the branches.
Pests and disease. No serious pests and diseases are known to affect production.

Harvesting and postharvest handling

Plants grown from seeds start bearing fruits, five to eight years from planting out in the field. Vegetatively propagated plants bear fruits earlier.
A mature tree produces up to 45 kgs of fruits per season.

Source: PROSEA leaflet no. 25
PCARRD
DA
UPLVB

Galo – Anacolosa frutescens

The galo is found mainly in backyards and forests as volunteer trees. Its potetntial for commercial production is being considered only now.

Description

The galo is an erect shrub or tree that grows up to 25 m tall. The leaves are spade-like or tapering, measuring 7-15 cm long and 4.0-6.5 cm wide with dark green color. The flowers are small, white and numerous. The fruits is oblong or egg-shaped, measuring 1.8-2.0 cm long and 1.5-2.0 cm in diameter. The fruit consists of a light green peel, a thin shell and a large nut.

Uses
The pulp and kernel may be eaten fresh although the fruit is usually boiled to bring out the delicious taste. The kernel can also be roasted. The wood may be used as a house posts.

Soil and Climatic Requirements
Grow galo at low and medium altitude upt to 700 m in shady environments without pronounced dry season.

Cultural Management
The galo can be propagated from seeds but germination takes more than 100 days. Propagation by air layering (or marcotting) which requires about four months until separation is possible but survival of marcots is poor. Cleft grafting is highly successful using one-year-old or older seedlings as rootstocks.

Not much is known about the cultural requirement of galo. There seems to be no serious diseases but exposed roots have been observed to have been damaged by borers.

Harvesting and Postharvest Handling

Harvest fruits when mature green although the right stage to harvest still has to be determined.

The fruits are sold green in local markets. To prolon shelf life, sun-dry for about three days prior to storage.
Source
PROSEA leaflet no. 3
PCARRD
DA
UPLB

Longan fruit

Longan – Dimorcarpus longan

Longan is known as the “little brother of lychee” It is noted not only for its nutritious and sweet fruit but also for its ornamental appeal.

Description

The longan tree grows up to 40 m tall. Its trunk reaches a diameter of 1 m , although some specieds are considered creeping shrubs. The branches are cylindrical and sometimes have horny projection on the bark.

The leaves are densely hairy and occur in two to six pairs. The flower cluster is long and borne at the end of the shoot. It has small and yellow to brown flowers.

The fruits grows in lose clusters. It is round to egg-shaped, yellow to brown, and smooth or rough in texture. The edible pulp which encloses the seed is sweet, thin, and translucent white. The seed is round with a shiny blackish brown coating.

Uses

The fruit is eaten fresh and contains proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and fats. It can be canned and prepared in its own juice with little or no sugar. The dried flesh is prepared as a refreshing drink. The flesh can be macerated in alcohol to produce liquor.

The seeds that contain saponin can be used as shampoo. The seed, fruit flesh, leaves, and flowers have several medicinal uses.

Soil and climatic requirements

Longan thrives one rich sandy loam soil, rocky limestone, or in river banks. However, they grow satisfactorily in deep, fertile, and clay loam soils with a high water table.

This subtropical tree grows well in the tropics with a mean temperature of 15-22 degrees Celsius during flowering. Night temperatures, however, should not be warmer than 20-25 degrees Celsius. Areas with an annual rainfall of 1,500-2,000 m are preferred.

Cultural Management

Propagation. Propagate longan by air layering and approach grafting. Use seedlings of the same cultivar as roostock. Air layers root in two to two and a half months during the rainy season. Nurse seedlings in the shade for 6-12 months after separation from the mother plant.

Planting. Plant the trees with a space ranging from 6 m x 6 m – 12 m x 12 m. For orchards, the trees may be spaced 10 m x 10 m in a square pattern.

Irrigation. Provide longan with ample moisture from flowering until shortly before harvesting. Apply mulch and supplement irrigation during this period.

Fertilization. Apply fertilizer once the young trees have become established and have produce their first growth flush. For bearing trees, apply 0.4 kg of complete fertilizer (14-14-14) per tree per year, 40% at fuit set and 60% after fruiting. Avoid application of fertilizer prior to flowering time. It is also a good idea to do regular light applications of poultry manure to the mulch.

Pruning. Prune young trees to limit the number of main branches. Cut off some of the unproductive twigs soon after harvest. Remove twigs that are least likely to fruit the following year.

Pest and diseases. The common pests that attack longan are the stink bugs, caterpillar, piercing months, and fruit flies. Control the damage of stink bugs with a parasite. Prevent the damage on fruits by bagging the panicles with plastic or paper bags.
An important disease that attack longan is rosette shoot or witches broom. To control this, cut the addected trees and burn them. Other important diseases include thread blight and powdery mildew.

Harvesting and Postharvest handling

Harvest only ripe fruits since harvested unripe fruits do not ripen anymore. Sample a few fruits for sweetness before harvesting the rest. Ripe fruits have a dark, smooth skin, and sweet flesh. Pick fruits twice at an interval of seven to ten days.
Cut the whole panicle with a knife or scissors and do not drop it. Sort the fruits and bunch them.
Pack longan fruits in bamboo baskets with stalks intact. Line baskets with longan leaves. If the fruits are for export, detach them from the panicles and pack them in corrugated boxes or plastic baskets. Store at 5 degrees Celsius for 40-45 days and at 10 degrees celcius for 20 days. Fumigate with sulfur dioxide (SO2) for long term storage.

Source: PROSEA Leaflet no. 26
PCARRD
UPLB
DA